The Daily Growler Contamination from *du- Chinese Character Dictionary I browsed the two articles by Gldemann that Blench quotes. One of the things that made me wonder was how the lights might come on if someone had a hearth tongue in one branch of a group and a market tongue in another. /org/, Komi /eri/ ~ /erig/, without any standard etymology though I saw a proposal some years back to compare this with the also otherwise unetymologized Hungarian sgr perch. However, either way it looks explicable as assimilation of the *gd cluster (which seems to make more sense anyway than spontaneous g/d fluctuations. Yes: this is a combination of whataboutery, a remarkable misrepresentation of the actual activities of some notorious splitters, and (worst of all) a surprising failure to grasp the relevance of demonstrating contact phenomena and mapping typology when it comes to avoiding mistaken conclusions about genetic relationships. I dont assume uniformity arose in deep antiquity. Yes, thats what I meant: with such an abundance of, hedge, pike, spike, pin, spine, tine, brod, iron, sea urchin, hengehog and other This is even more important for creatures that live in the water, where heat loss is much faster than in air. As an ideophone for cringing its perfect. However, even though the borrowing of SOV basic word order type may count only as a single diffused areal trait, many scholars would still rank it as counting for far more than some other individual traits based on the knowledge of how difficult it is for a language to change so much of its basic word order by diffusion. bratn, maigre, e. Copyright 2023 Elsevier B.V. or its licensors or contributors. guinea pig (Meerschweinchen) But hes not any kind of iconoclast, and his go-and-see-for-myself method, while wholly admirable and enviable, doesnt help when the higher-level classifications have themselves been based on inadequate data and/or inadequate reasoning, because he essentially takes the higher-level framework as given, and sorted out already. Again, it seems quite likely that the Dogon languages really are ultimately related to Volta-Congo, but there is nothing coming anywhere near an actual demonstration of the relationship, and I suspect were a couple of thousand years too late for that to be possible any more. There are also Romance porc-pic, porcospino / porco-espinho / puercoespn, Bolgarian and Sorbian, Irish (torcn) etc.) My view (in contrast) is, for example, that the vast and diverse Volta-Congo family, extending from Cte dIvoire to South Africa and comprising languages as unalike as Kusaal, Yoruba and Zulu, is proven beyond all reasonable doubt (quite wonderful enough to be going on with, if you ask me); but that the evidence that Mande belongs to it is extremely weak; parts or all of Atlantic may turn out to to be related but the relationship (if so) is so distant that it may never be rigorously demonstrable. Stachelswein and hystrix too. Afroasiatic (Afro-Asiatic), also known as Afrasian or Hamito-Semitic, Semito-Hamitic, or Erythraean is a large language family of about 300 languages that are Personally I can use it just to express surprise (it is just me). The Adamawa language Samba Leko, for example, has only about half a dozen nouns that inflect for number at all (e.g. That should, strictly speaking, be Afro-Angelic, of course. Basal is simply not an objective term; it really means nothing more than farthest from the taxon of current interest. porpoise (Meerschwein. The method which the adapters employed in turning the Egyptian script to their own use was dubbed the acrophonic principle by the British Egyptologist Sir Alan Gardiner. At this point, people know to code for borrowings. I did not know that there are idiots to raise a preliminary classification to the status of thats how the world is. from the link above: ht fish . that didnt look like any kind of Egyptian name for me, so I looked it up. Do the verbs have clear cognates outside the family about as much as nouns do? Im not sure if expansion from post-Bantu Kenya is the most felicitous way to describe the Indian Ocean slave trade. I ran a self-admittedly crude lexicostatistics program on the Lojban primitive word list, which at 1,432 words is a W.L.O.U.S. Because I would expect that hunter-gatherer societies would continue to fracture, and to survive fractally. Im trying to understand the argument that something other than the movement of significant numbers of people relying on some technological advantage would impose relative uniformity of language. for a European AA is Semitic and also languages similar to it. Wiktionary Dimmendaals belief that Songhay is definitely related to Nilotic. // Sprache und Geschichte in Afrika 4, pp. Playa is a technical term for the local relief feature. wild boar, 2. Umm el-Marra, Syria. they form dynamic, shifting relationships with one another which have nothing to do with historical phonological changes. The passage of time may have degraded the data beyond the point at which reasonable conclusions can be drawn any more. What we know of Africa is that centrifugal linguistic forces overwhelmed centralizing forces until very recently. In the south of the Arabian peninsula a distinct consonantal script had appeared by at least the sixth century BC, and certainly had begun to develop several hundred years earlier. Goat is probably reconstructable for Proto-Volta-Congo, though this is uncertain (it depends on the reconstruction of a stem-final consonant, and I can currently find no other example for the correspondence at that level.). That name is hardly ever used. hbbd```b``/>d /@xl,@L@,@@y> F1 Its aimed at interested intelligent laypersons. (elegant, figuratively) merperson. and (mtcha), Javanese: iwak, ulam (ulam: 1. eighth century) writing systems (the Hebrew language began to be written with the Aramaic script during the sixth century BC, although the Samaritan sect continued to use the old Hebrew letters, and continues its liturgical use to the present day). As a matter of fact, part of my caution regarding constructs like Niger-Kordofanian comes about because I think that the morphological evidence even in Volta-Congo is really much weaker than Greenberg and his epigones imagined. I do not know what to do, but if two names co-exist, it is not necessarily a bad thing. prost. However, in this study, it was observed that omissions of affixes can and do occur in Semitic languages and that in cases where omitting the affix would result in a morphologically ill-formed bare stem, subjects substituted the nonword stem with a real-word stem. Much of the detail of his comparative stuff is obsolete now (it dates from long before Indo-European linguistics was upended by the decipherment of Hittite, for example) but its still a good illustration of how proper comparative linguistics works. unhappy part of the world I googled for Ushari Ahmed Mahmoud mentioned by Thelwall, and It seems Sudanese governments love to arrest people named so. I find it difficult to understand what, if it was not some of the developments of the past 8-10 millennia that created powerful new forces of demic replacement. the migration of the main core of Semites up the Nile River. This will permit us to evaluate the taxonomic identities of the better known specimens assigned to [] and may assist in clarifying the basal [] condition, thereby shedding light on recent conflicting hypotheses of [] phylogeny [of a larger taxon]. Wow, I love seeing this kind of thing worked out with examples like that. Appparently he didnt publish his full evidence.. I dont believe that until somebody tries. Therefore were off to a good start and need to continue refining our method. Not saying this contradicts your point. Distinguishing the true from the false cognates is what making the tree is for. One of them yesterday was the same (contunuum I believe) as the ancestor of Berber (I called it the least recent own ancestor). Figure 1 is a schematic model of lumpers and splitters Bouba and Kiki! Alexander Militarev (2000), based on lexicostatistics, groups Berber with Chadic and both more distantly with Semitic, as against Cushitic and Omotic. When I was a lad only a few butchers carried game, and it was always hung on hooks outside under the awning because it had to ripen without stinking up the place. If Im reading this correctly, it sounds like there was gene flow from Iran into the Middle East contemporary with the spread of bronze technology? Salmon were caught by the thousands in vast fish traps on rivers, notably the Columbia. I wish Id watched the game, but after suffering through CRO-BRA and ARG-NED yesterday (the latter almost killed me Viva la albiceleste! The Hague and Paris; Mouton. In Swadesh-list vocabulary a possible issue is that there are at least proportionally more verbs in there that are prone to full, partial or near-synonymy pull, push, throw, rub, turn, flow than nouns. However, Christopher Ehret (1979), Harold Fleming (1981), and Joseph Greenberg (1981) all agree that the Omotic branch split from the rest first. Also regional German zocken gamble, esp. Dick & Garlick But I would again say that the diversity of something like N-S is what I would expect if a group that obtained some technological advantage 12 kya began expanding while merging with the linguistically diverse peoples it could assimilate. The y- could go back to *- (as it does in ygm camel) , which would correspond to Nawdm r-, but the actual Nawdm word for hedgehog is legiila. There is an abundance of both contemporary tribal and ancient East African DNA now, most recently in a large study of Prendergast et al. Kordofanian is not a unity; Greenberg himself admitted that his evidence for lumping it into his Niger-Congo was nearly all typological. This is an old one corresponding to Ger. Erich Neu argued in his seminal Das hethitische Mediopassiv und seine indogermanischen Grundlagen, where he analysed how the r-endings spread during the attested history of Hittite texts and how that pathway differed from those in Italic and Celtic. >The really striking thing about the paper for me was how overwhelmingly Natufian the ancestry of Arabian Arabs is. Our tree agrees with the standard trees. Individual scholars have also called the family Erythraean (Tucker 1966) and Lisramic (Hodge 1972). So f erodes away. Reminds me of Songhay akugun. But both registers and prestige dialects are expected to be fully formed (sub-)system whose design is not affected by speakers preferences. True; but I was imagining a field-worker coming in blind to the known history. But could this article on an Old Nubian letter help you believe his assertion that The /g/ is just the development of an ancient *d as aneffect of dissimilation is more than just cherry-picking. It does not apply to specialized dictionaries, of course. Its not just Latin and Berber we have to play with here: the words also found in Greek (kattos/katta), Arabic (qitt), Syriac (qatt/qattu), not to mention Nubian, Celtic, and Germanic Plenty of space for specialists in each family to decide its origin is someone elses problem. The evidence from Wadi el-Hol suggests that development of the script was significantly motivated by written-communication needs among Semitic-speaking mercenaries serving in the Egyptian army. So far none of these (geographically) Iranian languages look anything like Semitic. Another commonality is the general development observed across children from rote-learning of unanalyzed items to partial productivity followed by command of structure-dependent rules and generalizations, which are subsequently constrained by conventions of lexical and discourse usage. I must say that this does not seem a lot to base theories of deep relationships on. Interesting! Hes indefatigable. It is 1763. In general, I have to insist that areal linguistics, and contact linguistics more broadly, are or at least should be every bit as fundamental to historical linguistics as reconstruction and phylogeny. Other pages dont have this pattern (which indeed makes the text unreadable). The Cassandra Pages This Hamitic language group was proposed to unite various, mainly North-African, languages, including the Ancient Egyptian language, the Berber languages, the Cushitic languages, the Beja language, and the Chadic languages. Sarostins method would (I think) put Proto-Oti-Volta at about 4000 YBP, which seems a bit early given how much of the protolanguage is still fairly easily reconstructable (its nothing like Indo-European levels of difficulty) but is by no means impossible. However, this is not so. Horses are not much in evidence in West Africa, on the whole. Their presence in Ethiopian Semitic languages (some of the languages having all of these, others fewer) might seem to reflect several different diffused traits (SOV counted as one, Noun-Postposition as another, and so on), and might be taken as several independent pieces of evidence supporting the linguistic area. But it is easy to see where this can lead to a wrong result. From Sderwall remained a mystery for me until you wrote about characters and states. I think what is more interesting is the idea that African modernity may in fact have been shaped in large part by three or maybe at most a handful of such demic events, those that gave rise to the language groups that seem to have swamped the pre-existing linguistic diversity AA, Niger-Congo, and whatever one makes of Nilo-Saharan. Proto-Berbero-Semitic) will require further investigation. 0 His Historical-Comparative Reconstruction of Nilo-Saharan has a version on p. 66 (maybe it was this book). Laura Wagner, in Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 2001. R.A. Berman, in International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences (Second Edition), 2015. The Flaxen Wave Note that Palauan chad is /a/ and Welsh chad is /ad/. I always understood that the sedentary Plains tribes declined because, after the introduction of the horse, you could simply live a lot better by buffalo hunting than by farming in that climate. S1: Swadesh lists for 25 languages You can say the same about any crank: If he believes the earth is flat, he is right to object to the round-earth hypothesis. You seem to have a charming but unhelpful (if one is searching for truth) fondness for cranks.
What Does Shake Your Sugar Tree Mean, Chuck Williams Golfer,
