African American descendants of persons who were enslaved in Edgefield County, South Carolina in 1860, if they have an This transcription lists the names of those largest slaveholders in the Franklin Frequently Asked Questions About the 1870 Census Why was the 1870 Census taken? You should try to use other records to corroborate the presumed relationship, but the census may be the only evidence you can locate. Check the microfilm card catalog under Executive Dept. Estimates of the number of former slaves who U.S. Bureau of the Census: Population Schedules, 1870-1940. Richard Sutch and Susan Carter are the editors of a new five-volume work called Historical Statistics of the United States. We can be contacted at wiki@genealogicalstudies.com. Sr., 21 slaves, Harris page 203, RODWELL, Robert, 24 slaves, Harris page 220, RUFFIN, Mary, 22 slaves, Galloway page 188B, SLOTH?, Thos. slaveholders. But Deyle writes that "between 60 and 70 percent of these individuals were transported via the interregional slave trade. Free African Americans were almost entirely excluded, in part by an extensive system of patrols, from the majority slave populations of the Deep South. Researchers interested in the African-American experience in Georgia should be aware and look for the terms Colored and/or Negro.. here. And so when historians were able to demonstrate that the Tuskegee figures were accurate and correct, it just gives us a deeper understanding of what these people must have gone through. 1860 slaveholder. It is possible to locate an ancestor on a U.S. census for 1860 or earlier and During the reign of King Cotton, about 40 percent of the Southern population consisted of Black slaves; the percentage of slaves rose as high as 64 percent in South Carolina in 1720 and 55 percent in Mississippi in 1810 and 1860. Ms. CARTER: It's also a story that would be difficult to put together if you didn't have statistics, because while a family may have records or stories about the children teaching the parents, we know that these stories come from families that are atypical. Alabama, up 37,000 (8%); Florida, up 29,000 (46%); Ohio, up 26,000 (70%); Indiana, up 25,000 Alphabetically arranged within each section. and 1870, the South Carolina colored population only increased by 4,000, to 416,000, a 1% increase. Charleston County, South Carolina saw an increase in colored population of about Copyright 2003-2023 Reinette Jones & University of Kentucky Libraries. Privacy Statement You only have access to basic statistics. ELLIOTT: That's economic historian Susan Carter. From the 1870 census (in which all persons were named), proceed backwards to the | READ MORE, Lincoln Mullen is a historian of American religions. Corporate Information | Privacy | Terms and Conditions | CCPA Notice at Collection. When looking at the population density of all free persons (below in 1860), large swathes of the South appear virtually depopulated. Slavery spread rather than grew because it was an agricultural rather than industrial form of capitalism, so it needed new lands. (Georgia Archives Microfilm #231/16-17) This microfilm publication reproduces six volumes of correspondence of the Secretary of the Navy relating to African colonization, January 5, 1819-May 29, 1844. Type of taxes paid also indicate occupation and wealth. This text may not be in its final form and may be updated or revised in the future. Apprenticeship/Indenture Registers, 1800-1930: These records primarily document freedmen, but also document whites, and may be integrated in Probate Court minutes or other records. January 1, 2020. A banner on the map proclaims that it was "sold for the benefit of the Sick and Wounded Soldiers of the U.S. Where the Coast Survey map showed one measure, the interactive map shows the population of slaves, of free African Americans, of all free people, and of the entire United States, as well as each of those measure in terms of population density and the percentage of the total population. WebApproximately 600,000 of 10 million African slaves made their way into the American colonies before the slave trade not slavery was banned by Congress in 1808. Between 1860 and 1870, the North Carolina colored population increased by about 31,000, to of, 69 slaves, page 499B, SMITH, Whitfield Agt., 72 slaves, page 403, TALBERT, Miss. Tobacco initially was the profitable crop that occupied most slaves in the Chesapeake. Use Ask Statista Research Service. out of 7,000 free persons, held 20-30% of the total number of slaves in the U.S. According to a new five-volume compilation called Historical Statistics, the percentage of former slaves who said they couldn't read or write plummeted after emancipation. https://nkaa.uky.edu/nkaa/items/show/2369, African American Library Directors in the USA, African American Women Veterans in and from Kentucky, Shades of citizenship : race and the census in modern politics, Census and identity : the politics of race, ethnicity, and language in national census, Notable Kentucky African American (NKAA) Database. Ancestry.com and our loyal RootsWeb community. census was enumerated. This schedule will help by identifying the details of your ancestors military service. And they went back and they literally read every newspaper in a chosen southern state, and said we're going to record every instance of lynchings that are reported in these newspapers, and then they marched state by state by state. If the surname is found, they can then view the In these directories, there are alphabetical and geographic listings of residents, with the race of the individual noted. SURNAME MATCHES AMONG AFRICAN AMERICANS ON 1870 CENSUS: (exact surname spellings only are reported, no spelling variations or soundex), SURNAME, # in US, in State, in County, born in State, born and living in State, born in State Available for 11 counties: Camden, Columbia, Elbert, Franklin, Jackson, Morgan, Oglethorpe, Pulaski, Richmond, Warren, and Wilkes. These include: The same methods for locating your family in the twentieth century census records will help you locate your family in the 1880 census. But in the two decades of the 1660s and 1670s the laws of slave ownership were clarified (for example, Africans who converted to Christianity did no longer have to be manumitted), and the price of servants may have increased because of rising wage rates in prospering England; soon thereafter African slaves replaced English indentured labourers. purposes. Slave Schedules, 1850 and 1860: On these separate Slave Schedules for 1850 and 1860, the name of each slave owner is listed with the number of slaves owned, and number of slaves manumitted (if any). Records of Slave Trials, 1800-1850: Available for 6 counties: Baldwin, Hancock, Jones, Lincoln, Putnam, Screven (plus Trials of Free Persons of Color), Taliaferro (only Trials of Free Persons of Color). checked also. So at the 1870 census a black man who reported he could not read or write by 1880 was now reporting that he could read and write. This animation shows the free African American population from 1790 to 1860. U.S. Department of the Interior (RG 48): African Slave Trade and Negro Colonization, Records of, 1854-1872. The authoritative record of NPRs programming is the audio record. It was a testimony to the thirst for education that the black population had. Deceased, 72 slaves, page 426B. colored population in South Carolina remained about the same in 1870 as it was in 1860. Roll 1230) reportedly includes a total of 24,060 slaves, which ranks as the fourth highest total in the State and the sixth the source or at the time of the source, with African American being used otherwise. But what the statistics allow us to do is see how widespread it was. The census shows no subdivisions within the County. the upper right corner of every set of two pages, with the previous stamped number and a "B" being used to designate the and living in County), WILLIAMS, 28865, 2061, 54, 2969, 1967, 53. It is estimated by this transcriber that in 1860, slaveholders of The proportions of slaves on the islands ranged from more than a third in Cuba, which went into the sugar and gang labour business on a large scale only after the local planters had gained control in 1789, to 90 percent and more on Jamaica in 1730, Antigua in 1775, and Grenada up to 1834. By the time of the next census, in 1870, slavery had been ended. Annual GDP growth for the United States 1930-2021, Number of executive orders signed by U.S. presidents 1789-2022, Winning margins for votes in U.S. presidential elections 1789-2020, Number of jobs created by sitting president U.S. 1933-2022. WebDistribution of Slaves in 1860 In 1861, in an attempt to raise money for sick and wounded soldiers, the Census Office produced and sold a map that showed the population Census data increases (from around 10% to 50%): Craven; Edgecombe; Granville, Mecklenberg; New at the time of the 1870 census and they may have still been living in the same State or County. The Civil War resulted in the loss of about 600,000 lives. Terms of Use Published information giving names of slaveholders and numbers of slaves held is As Abraham Lincoln put it in is 1858 "House Divided" speech: "Either the opponents of slavery, will arrest the further spread of it, and place it where the public mind shall rest in the belief that it is in the course of ultimate extinction; or its advocates will push it forward, till it shall become alike lawful in all the States, old as well as new, North as well as South.". WebThe 1860 U.S. Census was the last U.S. census showing slaves and slaveholders. Lincoln Mullen Data last accessed in August 2020. The ideal entry-level account for individual users. Slave Importation Registers, 1800-1845, and Lists of Slaves: Affidavits of persons bringing slaves into the state, and lists or registers of slaves and slave owners. to finding that ancestor as a slave requires advanced research techniques involving all obtainable Around 1650 the Kingdom of the Kongo, which the Portuguese had ties with, started exporting enslaved Slavery generated profits comparable to those from other investments and was only ended as a consequence of the War Between the States. WebSlaves were enumerated on all federal census records from 1790 to 1860, but not by name. The 1860 U.S. Census was the last U.S. census showing slaves and slaveholders. Cotton was not a slave crop in India or in southwest China, where it was grown in bulk Georgias population passed 1 million residents for the first time in 1860. separate list of the surnames of the holders with information on numbers of African Americans on the 1870 census who were 1880 U.S. Census, Navarro County, Texas, population schedule, enumeration district 127, page 15, dwelling 123, family 123, Calvin Kelley household; digital images, Ancestry.com, NARA microfilm publication T9, FS Library Film roll 1321. can be viewed to see if there were smaller slaveholders with that surname. What did you find? And by 1900 you find a much, much higher level of literacy rate amongst the black population than was ever before measured in this country. Learn more. State Records Executive Department (RG 1) Governors Letter Books, 1786-1897, RG 1-1-1: Among other subjects, these books indicate problems with the illegal importation of slaves and runaway slaves. and indication of any handicaps, such as deaf or blind Slaves 100 years of age or older were We're calling the series A Story Behind the Number. The estate records of a slave holder who died before emancipation may list slaves by name. the source film personally to verify or modify the information in this transcription for their own WebThe last column shows the what percentage of the total U.S. population were enslaved. WebSlaves names were not recorded in the U.S. Census until after the war, in 1870. Before presuming an African American was a slave on the 1860 census, the free census for 1860 It should be noted however, that in comparing census data County were held by a total of 501 slaveholders, and those slaveholders have not been included of justice and legality of claims of ownership need not be addressed in this transcription. listed as having 15,993 whites, about a 2.5 times increase, while the 1960 total of 12,718 Available for all Georgia counties. Initially the islands often were settled as well by numerous indentured labourers and other Europeans, but following the triumph after 1645 of the sugar revolution (initially undertaken because superior Virginia In South Carolina in 1860 there were 482 farms Due to variable film quality, handwriting interpretation questions and inconsistent counting Using the 1880 census to identify families, The 1870 census: the first after emancipation, African Americans in the U.S. Federal Census, 1870-1890 - International Institute, The International Institute for Genealogical Studies, The International Institute of Genealogical Studies, National Archives and Records Administration, https://www.familysearch.org/en/wiki/index.php?title=African_Americans_in_the_U.S._Federal_Census,_1870-1890_-_International_Institute&oldid=5300326. 5 Roles (Georgia Archives Microfilm #231 /1-5) This microfilm publication reproduces the seven volumes (eight bound parts) of records compiled for publication by the Colored Troops Division of the Adjutant Generals Office. Also available Available on Ancestry.com. http://fisher.lib.virginia.edu/census/ . Taken every 10 years since 1790, census records provide a snapshot of the nation's population. The directories have been scanned and indexed and are searchable by name, date, and location. If you can find them here, try again in 1850. purposes. Reconstruction Registration Oath Books, 1867, RG 1-1-107: Lists name, race, date of registration, and county of residence. on this list is beyond the scope of this transcription. National Guard Riot Duty, 1900-1945 [Examples: Augusta Riot, 1912; Carrollton Riot, 1901; Racial Disturbance Plans, 1944-1945; Riot Duty, 1943; Statesboro Riot, 1904] Colored Militia Companies, ca. This is a very important distinction, for you cannot assume these relationships without additional evidence. Show publisher information Works Progress Administration Records, RG 44-2. of large farms must have resulted in lots of duplication of plantation names. Surname matching of 10 Rolls. The 1880 census does not contain nearly as much detail as those of the twentieth century. Before presuming an African American In 1862, during the Civil War, President Abraham WebFederal Slave Census Schedules, 18501860 Exist for Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, Missouri, New Jersey (1850 only), North Carolina, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Utah Territory, and Business Solutions including all features. About Us | Contact Us | Copyright | Report Inappropriate Material And then the amazing thing is that if you follow the families from census to census, you find that the adults are ultimately becoming literate probably because their children, who had learned how to read and write in school, were going home and teaching their parents what they had learned themselves. R. Young for, 23 slaves, Harris page 193B, YOUNG, Bryant, 24 slaves, Harris page 194. This Ga. The 1870 population census was the Ninth Decennial Census of the United States. Maybe it wasn't as bad as people make it out to be. Please note: This list of records relating to African-American records is not definitive. Around 1800 about half the population of Brazil consisted of slaves, but that percentage declined to about 33 percent in 1850 and to 15 percent after the shutting off of imports around 1850 combined with free immigration to raise the proportion of Europeans. So once people were free, they had an enormous thirst for education, and what happened was that their demand for learning was met in part by a number of school teachers who came from the North to set up schools in the South to teach the freedmen. States that saw significant increases in colored population But of course the freedmen needed to work in the fields to keep alive, and that meant that the adults, by and large, couldn't attend the schools. (127%); and Kansas up from 265 to 17,000 (6,400%). P., 45 slaves, Harris page 208, WILLIAMSON, Tempie? Identifying the larger family groups of families during this period is essential to conducting any further research. Cookie Settings, preaching and shouting at a religious gathering, National Historical Geographic Information System], Five Places Where You Can Still Find Gold in the United States, Scientists Taught Pet Parrots to Video Call Each Otherand the Birds Loved It, Balto's DNA Provides a New Look at the Intrepid Sled Dog, The Science of California's 'Super Bloom,' Visible From Space, What We're Still Learning About Rosalind Franklins Unheralded Brilliance. available through Heritage Quest at http://www.heritagequest.com/ . 2023 historyguy.com. enumerated by County in 1860 and included 393,975 named persons holding 3,950,546 unnamed 1870 U.S. Census - Calvin Kelly household - Enlarged 1870 U.S. Census, Navarro County, Texas, population schedule, Beat 1, Corsicana post office, page 1, dwelling 3, family 3, Calvin Kelly household; digital images, Ancestry.com; citing NARA microfilm publication M593, FS Library Film roll 1600. If your ancestor does not appear in the 1850 or 1860 censuses, it is quite likely that he or she was enslaved during this time.Only by researching the owners records will you be able to locate information on your ancestor. County, South Carolina census for 1860 and not know whether that person was also listed as a slaveholder on the slave The History of Slavery in North America Quiz. Richard Theodore Greener The majority of the 1890 census no longer survives. WebThe best-known slave societies were those of the circum-Caribbean world. If an African 200 or more slaves, while constituting less than 1 % of the total number of U.S. slaveholders, or 1 City Directories: Available mainly for Atlanta (1853-1990), but a few are available for other cities in Georgia. Susan Schulten, Mapping the Nation: History and Cartography in Nineteenth-Century America (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2012), writes about maps of slavery in chapter 4; see also the book's companion website which offers images of maps of slavery. Illiteracy rates among the non-white population fell from 80 percent in 1870 to just 30 percent in 1910. This interactive map and the Census data on which it is based can hardly show most of what should be known about slavery. Published information giving names of slaveholders and numbers of slaves held in Edgefield County, South These records include private, business, and school records. The census itself only constitutes indirect evidence. statistic alerts) please log in with your personal account. Ancestry.com also has an online collection of directories for 17 cities in Georgia. But some of these questions can only be answered quantitatively. Ms. CARTER: What we hope people will do, teachers and journalists and so forth, would be to look at these numbers and then find a story that's appealing and dig even deeper. their ancestor was one of the larger slaveholders in the County. To use individual functions (e.g., mark statistics as favourites, set Governors Subject Files, 1781-1993, RG 1-1-5: Chronological. colored population in South Carolina remained about the same in 1870 as it was in 1860. % of the total number of U.S. slaveholders, or 1 out of 7,000 free persons, held 20-30% of the total number of slaves in the Get the latest History stories in your inbox? TERMINOLOGY. Slave imports to the islands of the Caribbean began in the early 16th century. States that saw significant increases in colored population U.S. WebThe 1860 U.S. Census counted 3,605 slave owners in West Virginia. ", Slave Voyages, Estimated number of African slaves who were taken from various regions* of Africa during the transatlantic slave trade in each century from 1501 to 1866 Statista, https://www.statista.com/statistics/1150475/number-slaves-taken-from-africa-by-region-century/ (last visited May 01, 2023), Estimated number of African slaves who were taken from various regions* of Africa during the transatlantic slave trade in each century from 1501 to 1866 [Graph], Slave Voyages, January 1, 2020.
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